Bimonthly internal assessment-November

 CASE : 1

1) 1) "55 year old male patient  came with the complaints of Chest pain since 3 days Abdominal distension since 3 days Abdominal pain since 3 days and decreased urine output since 3days and not passed stools since 3days.

https://sreejaboga.blogspot.com/2020/11/is-online-e-log-book-to-discuss-our.html?m=1 

A)Where are the different anatomical locations of the patient's problems and what are the different etiologic possibilities for them? Please chart out the sequence of events timeline between the manifestations of each of these problems and current outcomes. 

ANATOMICAL LOCATIONS WITH ETIOLOGY:

GIT (Pain abdomen) :

Etiology: Pancreatitis secondary to ? chronic alcoholism

KIDNEYS (Oliguria) :

Etiology: AKI (pre renal due to fluid loss in pancreatitis)

Sepsis induced ATN

HEART / LUNGS (SOB) :

Etiology: AKI leading to fluid overload and heart failure.

Pancreatitis leading to pleural effusion / ?ARDS

GIT (Constipation) :

Etiology: ? paralytic ileus secondary to pancreatitis

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS:

Congenital bow leg deformity

Alcohol & smoking (30 years)

Abdominal pain & distention , SOB , chest pain , decreased urine output (3 days)

OUTCOMES:

Urine output increased , pedal edema and SOB decreased (Day-2)

Altered sensorium (Day-3)

Dialysis done (Day-4)

Bilious vomiting (Day-5)

Dialysis done (Day-6)

Abdominal pain & vomitings subsided (Day-8)

Now the patient is on hemodialysis for his renal failure

B) What are the pharmacological and non pharmacological interventions used in the management of this patient and what are the efficacy of each one of them? 

PHARMACOLOGIC :

1.FLUID REPLACEMENT :

Increased vascular permeability in acute pancreatitis causes the loss of intravenous fluid and reduces plasma volume. In severe cases, in patients with massive ascites, pleural effusion, and retroperitoneal and mesenteric edema, circulating plasma volume decreases markedly. Hypovolemia may lead to shock and acute renal failure, and, because hypovolemic shock may impair the pancreatic microcirculation and promote pancreatic ischemia and necrosis, restoration and maintenance of plasma volume is crucial in severe acute pancreatitis.

2.ANTIBIOTICS : No role in non necrotizing / sterile pancreatitis

3.TRAMADOL : For pain management

4.ZOFER : For vomitings

5.PANTOP : To prevent gastritis and further damage to pancreas by inhibiting gastrin

6.LASIX : For fluid overload

7.NEBULIZATION : For wheezing and crepts

NON PHARMACOLOGIC :

1.NILL PER ORAL

2.RYLES TUBE ASPIRATION

3.OXYGENATION

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CASE : 2

2) A 55 year old male, shepherd by occupation, presented to the OPD with the chief complaints of fever (on and off), loss of appetite, headache, body pains, generalized weakness since 2 months, cough since 2 weeks and vomitings and pain abdomen since 2 days. 

https://aakansharaj.blogspot.com/2020/11/55-year-old-male-with-anemia.html?m=1

A) Where are the different anatomical locations of the patient's problems and what are the different etiologic possibilities for them? Please chart out the sequence of events timeline between the manifestations of each of these problems and current outcomes. 

ANATOMICAL LOCATIONS WITH ETIOLOGY:

BONE MARROW

Etiology: Multiple myeloma

KIDNEYS

Etiology: AKI due to multiple myeloma

HEMATOLOGICAL (ANEMIA)

Etiology: secondary to multiple myeloma

LUNGS

Etiology: Tuberculosis (Increased susceptibility to infections)

TIMELINE OF EVENTS:

Alcohol & smoking (35 years) 

Stopped alcohol (4 years)

Fever , generalised weakness & anemia - 2 units blood transfusion (1.5 years)

Stopped smoking (4 months)

Low grade fever , generalized weakness , headache , neck pain , loss of appetite , weight loss (2 months) 

Cough & SOB (2 weeks) 

Vomiting & pain abdomen (2 days)

OUTCOME:

Some symptomatic relief and referred to higher centre in need for oncologist

B) What are the pharmacological and non pharmacological interventions used in the management of this patient and what are the efficacy of each one of them? 

PHARMACOLOGIC :

1.ANTIBIOTICS : For underlying infection (Azithromycin for ?Atypical pneumonia)

2.ATT : For TB

3.SEVELAMER : For hyperphosphatemia

4.FEBUXOSTAT : For hyperuricemia

5.PRBC transfusion for anemia

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CASE : 3

3) 51 Year old man with complaints of B/L pitting pedal edema from 5 to 6months,abdominal distension from 2 to 3 days,SOB from 3days.

nithishaavula.blogspot.com/2020/11/51-yr-old-male-with-hfref.html?m=1

A) Where are the different anatomical locations of the patient's problems and what are the different etiologic possibilities for them? Please chart out the sequence of events timeline between the manifestations of each of these problems and current outcomes. 

ANATOMICAL LOCATIONS WITH ETIOLOGY:

HEART (HFrEF - pedal edema , abdominal distention and SOB) :

Etiology: Microvascular dysfunction DM and HTN

CNS (Seizures) :

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS:

Tobacco chewing (40 years)

Alcohol (10 years)

DM (7 years) 

HTN (5 years) 

1st Episode GTCS (3 years) & AF with HFpEF

2nd Episode GTCS (2 years)

HFrEF & Anasarca (1 year) - (subsided with medication)

Pedal edema (6 months) 

Increased pedal edema , abdominal distention , SOB and decreased urine output (3 days)

CURRENT OUTCOME:

Symptomatically releived and discharged

B) What are the pharmacological and non pharmacological interventions used in the management of this patient and what are the efficacy of each one of them? 

PHARMACOLOGIC :

1.LASIX : Mortality: 3 placebo-controlled trials (n=221) reported data; the OR was 0.25 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.07, 0.84, P=0.03), representing an absolute risk reduction of 8% in mortality in patients treated with diuretics compared to placebo.

Worsening of heart failure: 4 placebo-controlled trials (n=448) and 4 active-controlled trials (n=177) reported data. The OR was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.62, P=0.001) for the placebo-controlled trials and 0.34 (95% CI:0.10, 1.21, P=0.10) for the active-controlled trials.

2.METAPROLOL : For HTN

3.ENALAPRIL : For HTN & as afterload reducing agent for heart failure

4.PHENYTOIN : For seizures

5.H.ACTRAPID INSULIN : For DM

6.PREGABALIN : For neuropathy

NON PHARMACOLOGIC :

1.SALT AND FLUID RESTRICTION

Individualized salt and fluid restriction can improve signs and symptoms of CHF with no negative effects on thirst, appetite, or QoL in patients with moderate to severe CHF and previous signs of fluid retention.

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CASE : 4

4) 31 yr old man with B/L pedal edema with scrotal and penile swelling since 2 months

https://nairaditya97.blogspot.com/2020/11/31-yr-old-male-with-bl-pedal-edema-with.html? m=1

A) Where are the different anatomical locations of the patient's problems and what are the different etiologic possibilities for them? Please chart out the sequence of events timeline between the manifestations of each of these problems and current outcomes. 

ANATOMICAL LOCATIONS WITH ETIOLOGY:

HEART FAILURE (pedal edema , penile & scrotal swelling and SOB) :

Etiology: Alcohol causing wet beriberi

AXONAL SENSORY POLYNEUROPATHY:

Etiology: Alcohol

EVENTS TIME LINE:

Alcohol & khaini (3 years) 

Pins and needles (1 year) 

Palpitations (8 months) 

PND (3 months) 

Pedal edema and SOB (2 months)

CURRENT OUTCOME: 

Completly relieved of his symptoms as the wet beriberi resolved.

B) What are the pharmacological and non pharmacological interventions used in the management of this patient and what are the efficacy of each one of them? 

PHARMACOLOGIC :

1.LASIX : Mortality: 3 placebo-controlled trials (n=221) reported data; the OR was 0.25 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.07, 0.84, P=0.03), representing an absolute risk reduction of 8% in mortality in patients treated with diuretics compared to placebo.

Worsening of heart failure: 4 placebo-controlled trials (n=448) and 4 active-controlled trials (n=177) reported data. The OR was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.62, P=0.001) for the placebo-controlled trials and 0.34 (95% CI:0.10, 1.21, P=0.10) for the active-controlled trials.

2.THIAMINE : In the study by Schoenenberger and colleagues (n=9), patients who took thiamine had 3.30% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63%, 5.97%) greater LVEF compared to those on placebo.

Likewise, Shimon et al reported that thiamine resulted in 2.20% greater LVEF than the placebo group (n=29), although the extra improvement was not significant (95% CI: −18.97, 23.37%).

In our meta analysis, thiamine supplementation resulted in a significantly improved net change in LVEF (3.28%, 95% CI: 0.64%, 5.93%) compared with placebo.

3.TELMISARTAN : For afterload reduction in heart failure

NON PHARMACOLOGIC :

1.SALT AND FLUID RESTRICTION :

Individualized salt and fluid restriction can improve signs and symptoms of CHF with no negative effects on thirst, appetite, or QoL in patients with moderate to severe CHF and previous signs of fluid retention.